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Article History

Received: 11 April 2025

Accepted: 10 June 2025

First Online: 23 June 2025

Declarations

:

: Mammary gland samples were collected post-mortem from three Holstein cows slaughtered for commercial meat production, unrelated to this study. The animals were not selected or treated by the research team, and their slaughter was conducted by certified personnel in accordance with the regulations of the Israeli Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Health (Certificate #80). Tissue collection occurred at a licensed commercial slaughterhouse operating under these regulations. As the tissue collection was conducted post-slaughter and did not involve live animals or experimental procedures, institutional ethical approval was not required.

: Not applicable.

: The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

: NAA is a cofounder of Wilk Technologies company. The company had no involvement in any aspects of this study including conceptualization, study design, acquisition and interpretation of results or writing of the manuscript.