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Article History

Received: 3 March 2025

Accepted: 18 June 2025

First Online: 6 July 2025

Declarations

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: All specimens were obtained in accordance with the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and anonymized. Human tracheal and bronchial samples were collected from n = 5 males and n = 4 female donors aged between 38 and 76 years. The donors provided informed consent for the use of their biological material for the present study, and ethical committee approval was obtained from all involved centres “Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova di Reggio Emilia”, IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy, (title “Pre-clinical study aimed at characterizing human respiratory epithelial stem cells, their differentiation pathways and potential use as an in vitro model for toxicity studies and tissue engineering”; “Comitato Etico Area Vasta Emilia Nord”, Protocol N. 2019/0014725; date of approval 05/02/2019), and the “Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli”, IRCCS, Rome, Italy (title “Pre-clinical study aimed at characterizing human respiratory epithelial stem cells, their differentiation pathways and potential use as an in vitro model for toxicity studies and tissue engineering”; “Comitato Etico Territoriale Lazio Area 3” N. 0008968/21; date of approval 10/03/2021). Human skin samples were obtained from “Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena”, IRCSS, Modena, Italy” from healthy living donors upon informed consent and compliance with Italian regulations (title “Human epithelial stem cells: characterization and development of clinical applications in Regenerative Medicine”; Comitato Etico dell’Area Vasta Emilia Nord, number 178/09; date of approval 29/09/2009).

: All the authors provided consent for publication.

: The authors declare no competing interests.