Document is current

Article History

Received: 21 February 2025

Accepted: 3 July 2025

First Online: 25 July 2025

Declarations

:

: All procedures involving dogs adhered to the ARVO Statement for the Use of Animals in Ophthalmic and Vision Research and were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) at the University of Pennsylvania (Protocol #803254, titled Gene, Medical, and Cell Therapies for Canine Retinal Degenerative Diseases, approved on October 9, 2022).

: All experiments involving human embryonic stem cell (hESC) line (WA09 cells purchased from WiCell) were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations of the NIH (NIH Approval Number: NIHhESC-10–0062) and the provider (WiCell). The WA09 cell line is listed on the NIH Human Embryonic Stem Cell Registry and was derived with documented donor informed consent and institutional ethical approval, as required for NIH registration.

: All authors confirm their consent for publication.

: D.M.G. is an inventor on patents related to generation of 3D ROs (US PTO no. 9,328,328) filed by the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation (Madison, WI, USA). D.M.G. has ownership interest in and receives grant funding from Opsis Therapeutics, LLC, which has licensed the technology to generate 3D ROs. The terms of this arrangement have been reviewed and approved by the University of Wisconsin-Madison in accordance with its conflict- of-interest policies. D.M.G. (Opsis Therapeutics, LLC) holds US Patent No. US9752119B2 (OV patent). All other authors declare no conflicts of interest.