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Article History

Received: 16 April 2025

Accepted: 18 July 2025

First Online: 30 July 2025

Declarations

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: The human iPSC lines used in this study were BIHi005-A, iKCL-004, and iKCL-011. The BIHi005-A line was obtained from the iPSC biobank maintained at the Berlin Institute of Health (Berlin, Germany), with detailed information regarding the donor, cell line derivation, ethical approval, and third-party availability accessible at the Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Registry (). The iKCL-004 and iKCL-011 iPSC lines were obtained from King’s College London which had ethical approval by the UK National Health Service Research Ethics Committee under Reference 11/LO/0295. Jejunal-organoids were obtained from Technische Universität Berlin who generated organoids from patient material with ethical approval from the University of Würzburg’s ethics committee (Approval 37/16) []. Primary human keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts were isolated from juvenile foreskin according to established standard procedures, with written, informed consent and ethical approval from Charité Ethics Board, Approval EA2/128/23 (Titled: “Usage of juvenile foreskin to isolate primary skin cells for preclinical research”), approved on 21.07.2023.Human Intestinal Fibroblasts (#2920) were obtained from ScienCell in compliance with legal and ethical standards. Donors provided informed consent under IRB-approved protocols, acknowledging that participation is voluntary, care is unaffected, and biological data may be stored indefinitely and used for research purposes. Consent forms are maintained by partner non-profits. Further details are available at: .Human Cardiac Fibroblasts (#306v-05a) were obtained from Cell Applications Inc. (USA) and are approved to be used for research use only. Tissue procurement was conducted by certified U.S.-based organizations (e.g., Organ Procurement Organizations, Tissue Banks, Eye Banks) in compliance with standards set by the Office for Human Research Protections (45 CFR Part 46), the FDA (21 CFR Part 50 Subpart B), and the National Organ Transplant Act. Donor privacy and absence of infectious disease were verified, and only cost-based reimbursements for procurement were made. All tissue donors provided informed consent in accordance with U.S. regulations and ethical guidelines. Further details are available at: .Informed consent was obtained from all donors, and all experiments adhered to the principles outlined in the WMA Declaration of Helsinki and the NIH Belmont Report. No financial inducements were offered for donation.

: Consent for publication was given for the participation of this study.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.