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Article History

Received: 21 January 2025

Accepted: 27 August 2025

First Online: 26 September 2025

Declarations

:

: The protocol title for human ethics is " Comparison of therapeutic effects of exosomes derived from human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell from hypoxic and normoxic culture on wound healing in impaired db/db mice and the mechanism”. The collection of human ADSCs was approved by the IRB of the Taipei Veterans General Hospital, with approval number 2021-02-012B. This approval was granted on February 28, 2021. Fat tissue was obtained with informed consent from participants or, in the case of children under 16, from their parent or legal guardian. The animal ethics protocol, titled “Comparison of Therapeutic Effects of Exosomes Derived from Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Hypoxic and Normoxic Cultures on Wound Healing in Impaired db/db Mice and the Mechanism,” was approved by the IACUC of Taipei Veterans General Hospital. The approval (IACUC No. 2023 − 160) was granted on July 18, 2024. HDFs were purchased from ScienCell, which confirmed that the collection of human cells had received ethical approval and that donors provided informed consent. This declaration is outlined on their website ().

: This manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form (including individual details, images, or videos) that requires consent for publication.

: Szu-Hsien Wu received funding from the Taipei Veterans General Hospital, the Ministry of Science and Technology and the Childhood Burn Foundation of the Republic of China to support the experimental procedures. Kuang-Kai Hsueh received funding from the Taoyuan General Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare to partially support the miRNA analysis.