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Article History

Received: 13 April 2025

Accepted: 28 August 2025

First Online: 25 September 2025

Declarations

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: All tests were conducted and documented according to validated standard operating procedures. The Institutional Review Board of Samsung Medical Center approved all studies involving human subjects under the project entitled “Selection of optimal source-specific mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of chronic and refractory diseases including Alzheimer’s disease and musculoskeletal disorders.” Wharton’s jelly (WJ) was obtained from three healthy volunteers. All volunteers or their guardians provided written informed consent to participate in the study (IRB File No. 2016-07-102, 2023.09.18). Our research complied with the regulatory requirements for human cells, tissues, and cellular and tissue-based products (HCT/Ps) regulated in compliance under section CFR 1271 Title 21 “361” of PHS of the US FDA. All animal experimental procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (Laboratory Animal Research Center, an AAALAC International-approved facility) at Samsung Medical Center under the project entitled “Efficacy of Wharton’s Jelly-mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in Moyamoya disease” (Approval No. 20220627001, Date of Approval: September 8, 2022), and were conducted in accordance with the Animal Research: Reporting of In vivo Experiments (ARRIVE) guidelines

: All authors confirm that they have given their consent for publication.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.