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Authors
Marcolli, Gaia
Barone, Ludovica
Baranzini, Nicolò
Rossi, Federica
Nebuloni, Andrea Massimiliano
Pulze, Laura
Sadia, Sobia
Zecca, Piero Antonio
Pagiatakis, Christina
Papait, Roberto
Grimaldi, Annalisa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9258-7595
Gornati, Rosalba https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1544-2122
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Fondo Comune di Ateneo per la Ricerca–University of Insubria (FAR_2024)
Fondo Comune di Ateneo per la Ricerca–University of Insubria (FAR_2024)
Fondo Comune di Ateneo per la Ricerca–University of Insubria (FAR_2024)
Fondo Comune di Ateneo per la Ricerca–University of Insubria (FAR_2024)
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Article History
Received: 18 June 2025
Accepted: 17 September 2025
First Online: 28 November 2025
Declarations
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: All subjects enrolled in the study were recruited within protocols approved by the institutional review board ethics committees Ospedale di Circolo Fondazione Macchi (Varese, Italy) and approved by the institutional Ethical Committee. (Protocol n°0034086, 9-10-2013) according to the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2013. In vivo studies using H. verbana leeches have been approved by the Animal Welfare Body (OPBA) at the University of Insubria, as the species is not protected under relevant EU and Italian regulations.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
