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Article History

Received: 30 July 2025

Accepted: 10 December 2025

First Online: 25 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the Comité de Ética de Investigación da Coruña (title: Matrices activadas por xenes para a reparación de cartilaxe; date: 10/11/2021; accession number: 2021/425). Human primary cells were obtained from the Biobanco of A Coruña, which ensures donor anonymity and informed consent for research use. All procedures were conducted following the Declaration of Helsinki. Not applicable (primary human cells were obtained from a biobank with documented donor consent). An institutional ethics committee approved this study, and primary cells were obtained from a certified biobank with the appropriate donor consent. No direct interaction with human participants occurred.

: The authors declare no competing interests.