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Article History

Received: 16 July 2025

Accepted: 2 February 2026

First Online: 12 February 2026

Declarations

:

: All animal procedures were performed following institutional guidelines, in compliance with national (D.L.n.26, March 4, 2014), and international laws and policies (Directive 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes). This study was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees of the Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS and by the Italian Ministry of Health (approval number 1196/2020-PR, issued on 15/12/2020) with the title: ‘Impiego di vescicole extracellulari generate dalle cellule stromali mesenchimali nel trattamento dell’insufficienza renale acuta’. This study was carried out in compliance with the ARRIVE guidelines. Fresh human ucMSCs were collected from the Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit at Ospedali Riuniti di Bergamo (Bergamo, Italy) after obtaining ethical approval and written informed consent, as previously described [ ]. RPTECs were purchased and the vendor declared that cells were isolated from donated human tissues after obtaining permission for their use in research applications by informed consent or legal authorization.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.