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Article History

Received: 16 October 2025

Accepted: 27 February 2026

First Online: 7 March 2026

Declarations

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: Human deciduous teeth samples were collected as discarded clinical samples from patients with BA and healthy pediatric donors due to the eruption of their permanent teeth at the Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Special Needs Dentistry of Kyushu University Hospital. The handling of human samples was approved by the Institutional Review Boards/Ethics Committees of Kyushu University Hospital and Medical Institutions for the studies, entitled “Research on congenital diseases using cells derived from oral tissues” on March 15th, 2021 (protocol no. 678–03). All the experimental methods in this manuscript were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations. Written informed consent was obtained from the guardians of each patient donor. All animal experiments were performed in accordance with the protocols approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Kyushu University, entitled “Analysis of the effects of transplanting stem cells from human deciduous teeth in liver regeneration model mice” on February 5th, 2020 (protocol no. A20-041-0), “Analysis of the liver regeneration treatment effects of transplanting stem cells from human deciduous teeth” on March 22th, 2021 (protocol no. A21-222-0), and “Analysis of liver regeneration therapy effects, including bile duct regeneration via transplanting stem cells from human deciduous teeth” on April 1st, 2023 (protocol no. A23-076-0). All animal experiments were followed the National Institutes of Health guide for the care and use of Laboratory animals.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.