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Article History

Received: 14 October 2025

Accepted: 28 May 2026

First Online: 10 June 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospitales Universitarios Virgen Macarena y Virgen del Rocío (Seville, Spain) under the project entitled “Prediction of response to CAR-T cell therapy: biomarker discovery and metabolic activity assessment through immune monitoring” (original title in Spanish: “Predicción de la respuesta del tratamiento con células CAR-T: búsqueda de biomarcadores y medición de la actividad metabólica mediante monitorización inmune”) (approval number: 1458-N-21; protocol code: S2100234; date of approval: 20 July 2021). Written informed consent for participation in the study and for the use of biological samples was obtained from all patients’ legal guardians in accordance with institutional guidelines and the Declaration of Helsinki.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Use of AI tools: An AI-based image generation tool was employed exclusively to create a schematic representation of the proposed hypothesis for illustrative purposes (fig. ).