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Article History

Received: 2 December 2025

Accepted: 1 June 2026

First Online: 12 June 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: Animal Ethics declaration: (1) Title of the approved project: Comparison of three animal models of transformation from AKI to CKD. (2) Ethics committee (institutional): Ethics Committee of the Animal Care and Use Committee of Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine. (3) Ethics approval code: IACUC-DWZX-2024-P647. (4) Animal experiments were approved on August 12, 2024, and performed in compliance with the ARRIVE guidelines. Cell Ethics declaration: (1)We purchased iMSCs from Nuwacell Ltd. (Hefei, China). The company has provided formal documentation confirming that: The original human somatic cells (from which the iMSCs were reprogrammed) were collected under protocols reviewed and approved by an accredited Ethics Committee. All donors gave written informed consent for research use of their biological samples. Ethics approval code: ASSCR-YXLL-2019-03. (2)The HK-2 cell line (RRID: CVCL_0302) used in this study is a commercially available, immortalized cell line. This cell line was originally established and characterized by Ryan et al. The cells we used were purchased from [Procell Life Science & Technology Co.,Ltd.], which guarantees that its products are sourced in compliance with ethical standards. In accordance with our institution’s policy, no additional ethical approval is required for the use of such established, de-identified commercial cell lines.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.