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Article History

Received: 21 November 2025

Accepted: 29 June 2026

First Online: 7 July 2026

Declarations

:

: All the procedures involving animals were carried out under the Project License PI 15/16 approved by the Advisory Ethics Committee for Animal Research from the University of Zaragoza (title: “Optimización del uso de MSCs alogénicas en el tratamiento de patologías articulares equinas: equilibrio inmunomodulación-inmunogenicidad” [“Optimizing the use of allogenic MSCs for treating equine joint pathologies: immunomodulation-immunogenicity balance”]; approval date: 22 June 2021). The care and use of animals were performed accordingly with the Spanish Policy for Animal Protection RD118/2021, which meets the European Union Directive 2010/63. The work has been reported in line with the ARRIVE guidelines 2.0.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.