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Article History

Received: 23 July 2025

Accepted: 24 July 2026

First Online: 4 August 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was conducted in accordance with the ARRIVE guidelines and the EU Directive 2010/63/EU. All animal experiments were conducted in accordance with institutional guidelines and were approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences (entitled Characteristics of the Immune Microenvironment in EGFR-TKIs-Resistant Brain Metastases of Lung Cancer and Clinical Intervention Studies; No. DWLLPF-2024101801 approved on October 18, 2024). The human samples were examined following the protocols approved by the Ethics Committees of the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University (entitled Integrative multi-omics data analysis with machine learning to identify critical proteins associated with lung cancer brain metastasis; No. PJ2024-11-59 approved on December 19, 2024). There was initial ethical approval for collection of human cells, and that the donors had signed informed consent. Research involving human participants, human cells, human material, or human data, must have been performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.