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Authors
Liu, Shu https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0533-4165
Xie, Kaipeng
Wu, Huaying
Zhang, Zheng
Ge, Jiuyu
Huang, Yanhua https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1670-0648
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Nanjing International/Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan Science and Technology Cooperation Project (202401038)
the Nanjing Health Science and Technology Development Fund project (YKK20138)
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Article History
Received: 20 February 2026
Accepted: 11 August 2026
First Online: 22 August 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Human teeth were derived from patients who underwent treatment at the stomatology department of Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital). Each participant provided written informed consent. The Ethics Committee of the Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University (Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital) approved this study (No.2022KY-001-01) on Jun 2, 2022. All animal procedures were performed in accordance with the National Institutes of Health Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, China under approval number PZW2025017(date of approval: Aug 20, 2025).
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
