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Article History

Received: 23 July 2025

Accepted: 21 August 2026

First Online: 1 September 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: Animal care and experimental procedures were performed in accordance with the Guidelines for Animal Experimentation of Hokkaido University and Nagasaki University. Approvals were obtained from the respective institutional animal research ethics committees for the following protocols: “Clarification of MRONJ pathophysiology and establishment of treatment strategies” (Hokkaido University, approval no. 24–0129, approved on 25 November 2024); “Clarification of the pathology and pathophysiology of MRONJ” (Nagasaki University, approval no. 1708241404-5, approved on 16 November 2021); and “Evaluation of transplantation effects of quality- and quantity-controlled peripheral blood mononuclear cells (QQ-PBMNCs) or adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction cells on bisphosphonate-associated compromised extraction socket healing” (approval no. 1610181345-5 and − 6, approved on 18 February 2019 and 15 March 2021, respectively in Nagasaki University). All mice were euthanized with carbon dioxide. All animal experiments were performed according to the ARRIVE Guidelines ( ).

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.