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Authors
Portengen, Christel
Hidalgo-Lopez, Esmeralda
Yan, Ran
Beltz, Adriene M.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
James S. McDonnell Foundation
Institute for Research on Women and Gender, University of Michigan
Jacobs Foundation
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Article History
Received: 30 June 2025
Accepted: 20 January 2026
First Online: 13 February 2026
Declarations
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: All protocols and data collection were approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Michigan (HUM00188090, HUM00159639, HUM00119299). Written consent was provided by participants aged 18 years and older (illustration 1 and 2). For participants under the age of 18 (illustration 3), parents provided consent and youth provided assent.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
