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Article History

Received: 31 May 2025

Accepted: 17 March 2026

First Online: 30 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The study complies with the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments, and the research protocol was approved by the responsible ethics committees of Northwest -and Central Switzerland (EKNZ, ethics approval BASEC #2020–01311) and the Canton Zurich, ethics approval BASEC #2020–02864). Written informed consent was obtained from all patients or their legally authorized representative, as appropriate.

: Not applicable.

: CG has received research grants and speakers’ fees from the Novartis Foundation, from Sanofi Genzyme, Switzerland, and Bayer Pharmaceuticals outside of the submitted work. JCS and TS reports (full departmental disclosure) have received grants from Orion Pharma, Abbott Nutrition International, B. Braun Medical AG, CSEM AG, Edwards Lifesciences Services GmbH, Kenta Biotech Ltd, Maquet Critical Care AB, Omnicare Clinical Research AG, Nestle, Pierre Fabre Pharma AG, Pfizer, Bard Medica S.A., Abbott AG, Anandic Medical Systems, Pan Gas AG Healthcare, Bracco, Hamilton Medical AG, Fresenius Kabi, Getinge Group Maquet AG, Dräger AG, Teleflex Medical GmbH, Glaxo Smith Kline, Merck Sharp and Dohme AG, Eli Lilly and Company, Baxter, Astellas, Astra Zeneca, CSL Behring, Novartis, Covidien, Nycomed, and Phagenesis, outside of the submitted work. The money went into departmental funds, no personal financial gain applies. RT reports research support from the German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), the Kühne Foundation, the Joachim Herz Foundation, the Swiss National Science Foundation (Grant No P300PB_167803) and the Swiss Heart Foundation as well as speaker honoraria/consulting honoraria from Abbott, Amgen, Astra Zeneca, Psyros, Roche, Siemens, Singulex and Thermo Scientific BRAHMS. RT is co-founder and shareholder of the ART-EMIS Hamburg GmbH, which holds an international patent application on a computing device for estimating the probability of myocardial infarction (International Publication Numbers WO2022043229A1, TW202219980A). All authors declare: no support from any organisation for the submitted work; no financial relationships with any organisations that might have an interest in the submitted work in the previous three years; no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.