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Article History

Received: 17 July 2025

Accepted: 24 March 2026

First Online: 6 April 2026

Declarations

:

: Approval for the ABCD Study protocol was granted by a central Institutional Review Board (cIRB) at the University of California, San Diego. Data were collected following the Institutional Review Board-approved protocols at each of the 21 study sites and this investigation was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the University of Michigan Medical School (HUM00211215). Participants provided written informed consent (parents) and assent (youth), conforming to the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2008.

: Not applicable.

: Dr Schrepf reported receiving grant support from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) outside the submitted work. Dr Harte reported receiving contract and grant support from Arbor Medical Innovations, Aptinyx, Tonix, SPIRE, and the NIH, personal fees from Wayne State University, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Indiana University, and Dana Farber Cancer Institute outside the submitted work; and having a patent for US9307906B2 licensed to Arbor Medical Innovations. Dr Beltz reported receiving grant support from the NIH and the James S. McDonnell Foundation outside the submitted work. Dr Kaplan reported receiving grant support from the NIH outside the submitted work. No other disclosures were reported.