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Authors
Sørensen, Lin
Kvadsheim, Elisabet
Koenig, Julian
Thayer, Julian F.
Williams, DeWayne P.
MacDonald, Hayley J.
McCardle, Ryan Douglas
Wollschlaeger, Daniel
Fasmer, Ole Bernt
Osnes, Berge
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Bergen
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Article History
Received: 22 January 2026
Accepted: 13 April 2026
First Online: 25 April 2026
Declarations
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: All participants gave an informed consent to participate in one of three studies the data used in this article was pooled from. This research was approved by the Institutional/Regional Review Boards of all contributing project sites: The sample was pooled from two projects (“Bergen 1” and “Bergen 2”) that were conducted at the University of Bergen, Norway. Bergen 1 was approved by the Regional Ethics Committee in South-East Norway (2014/148). Bergen 2 was approved by the Regional Ethics Committee in West Norway (33929). Additional data were taken from a third project conducted in the USA: EDENS project (Ethnic Differences in the Experience of Noxious Stimuli), approved by the Institutional Review Board at the Ohio State University (2017B0179).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
