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Article History

Received: 8 December 2022

Accepted: 21 December 2023

First Online: 16 January 2024

Declarations

:

: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and ethical approval for this study was provided by the Ethical Committee of the University Hospital Frankfurt (Chair: Prof. Dr. Harder, Ref: 2021–36). Written informed consent was routinely obtained from all participants as part of hospital admission.

: Not applicable.

: Authors LRZ, JK, SvdP, ADIvA and BF have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. MJP reports grants and personal fees from various pharmaceutical industries, all outside the submitted work. He holds stocks in Pharmacoeconomics Advice Groningen (PAG Ltd) and is advisor to Asc Academics, all pharmacoeconomic consultancy companies. The Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine & Pain Therapy of the University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University received support from B. Braun Melsungen, CSL Behring, Fresenius Kabi, and Vifor Pharma for the implementation of Frankfurt ‘s Patient Blood Management program. KZ has received honoraria for participation in advisory board meetings for Haemonetics and Vifor and received speaker fees from CSL Behring, Masimo, Pharmacosmos, Boston Scientific, Salus, iSEP, Edwards and GE Healthcare. He is the Principal Investigator of the EU-Horizon 2020 project ENVISION (Intelligent plug-and-play digital tool for real-time surveillance of COVID-19 patients and smart decision-making in Intensive Care Units) and Horizon Europe 2021 project COVend (Biomarker and AI-supported FX06 therapy to prevent progression from mild and moderate to severe stages of COVID-19).