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Authors
Li, Haofei
Cui, Xiangjin
Cao, Yiyin
Jin, Xu
Shi, Jiaxuan
Leng, Lei
Xu, Lijun
Zhai, Tiemin
Huang, Weidong
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (72374052)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (72274045)
China National Health Development Research Center Project (CNHDRC-KJ-W-2023-27)
"Xinglian" Youth Talent Support Program of Harbin Medical University
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Article History
Received: 24 April 2025
Accepted: 12 September 2025
First Online: 14 October 2025
Declarations
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: This study used data from the National Health Service Survey (NHSS) in China, a database approved by the National Bureau of Statistics and managed by the National Health Commission. The research received ethical approval from the Institutional Review Board of the Chinese National Bureau of Statistics. Participant consent was obtained before the survey began, ensuring the protection of privacy and rights.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
