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Authors
Folitse, Denis
Odoom, Christopher
Boateng, Alexander
Gil-Alana, Luis Alberiko
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministerio de Asuntos Económicos y Transformación Digital, Gobierno de España (PID2023-149516NB-I00)
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Article History
Received: 29 April 2026
Accepted: 16 June 2026
First Online: 30 June 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study used publicly available, aggregated country-level data from the World Bank World Development Indicators database. No individual-level, identifiable, or human participant data were analyzed; therefore, ethics approval and informed consent were not required.
Consent for publication: N/a.
Competing interests: There is no competing interests with the publication of the present manuscript.
