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Article History

Received: 4 February 2025

Accepted: 10 March 2026

First Online: 24 April 2026

Declarations

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: The authors declare that the study was conducted in forests that are not officially designated protected areas under national legislation. The study sites included locally conserved forests, some of which are sacred forests. Permission to conduct the research was obtained from the relevant local/community authorities in accordance with customary regulations. The study did not focus on endangered, vulnerable, or threatened species. The conservation (IUCN) status of the recorded tree species is reported in Agonvonon et al. ( ).

: The authors declare no competing interests.