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Article History

Received: 3 March 2019

Accepted: 26 May 2019

First Online: 3 June 2019

Ethical approval

: This study was approved by the French Intensive Care Society ethics committee (CE-SRLF-18-06) and “Comission Nationale Inforamatique et Liberté; CNIL” (DR 218-207). Need for informed consent was waived as regard to the study observational design and in accordance with the French law. Patients alive at time of the analysis were, however, informed, and none refuse to participate. This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: E Azoulay reports having received fees for lectures from Alexion, Gilead, and Baxter. His institution and research group have received support from Fisher & Payckle, Pfizer, Ablkynx, MSD and Jazz Pharma. M. Darmon reports having received research support from MSD and from ASTUTE medical, speaker fees from MSD, Astellas and Bristol-Myers-Squibb, support to organize educational meeting from MSD, Astellas and Jazz Pharma and having participated to an advisory board from SANOFI-AVENTIS. A. De Jong reports personal fees from Baxter and Medtronic-Covidien and travel eimbursements from Fresenius-Kabi, MSD France, Astellas, Pfizer and Fisher Paykel. Dr. Demoule reports non-financial support from Medtronic, personal fees and non-financial support from Philips, grants and personal fees from Resmed, personal fees from Baxter, personal fees from Hamilton, non-financial support from Fisher & Paykel, grants from French Ministry of Health, outside the submitted work. Other authors declare having no competing interest to declare.