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Authors
Mauri, Tommaso
Leali, Marco
Spinelli, Elena
Scaramuzzo, Gaetano
Antonelli, Massimo
Grieco, Domenico L.
Spadaro, Savino
Grasselli, Giacomo
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministero della Salute (PNC-E3-2022-23683266– CUP: C43C22001630001 / MI-0117)
Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca (Dipartimenti di Eccellenza Program 2023–2027 - Dept. of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan)
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Article History
Received: 4 March 2025
Accepted: 29 June 2025
First Online: 8 July 2025
Declarations
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: This was a prospective, cross-over, randomized physiological study performed in the general ICUs of the Maggiore Policlinico Hospital (Milan, Italy), Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli Hospital (Rome, Italy), and Sant’Anna Hospital (Ferrara, Italy). The study was approved by the Ethical Committee of each participating center (ref. no. 19_2023bis, 48_2023 and 823_2022, respectively) and informed consent was obtained from all patients following local regulations.
: Informed consent was obtained from each patient according to local regulations.
: GG, personal fees from Getinge, Draeger, Fisher & Paykel (payment for lectures). TM, personal fees for speaking at sponsored symposia by Draeger, Fisher and Paykel. All other authors, none.
