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Article History

Received: 11 April 2025

Accepted: 16 September 2025

First Online: 30 October 2025

Declarations

:

: The protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee Ouest III (Poitiers, France) for French centers and by the local ethics committee for the Italian center. Informed consent from patients or their surrogate was obtained orally, with a written record maintained by the investigator.

: All authors have approved the final version of the manuscript.

: Some of the results of this study have been presented as oral communications at the French Intensive Care Society meeting (Congrès Réanimation) in June 2024

: RC reports fees and nonfinancial support from Fisher and Paykel Healthcare, Abbvie and Löwenstein Medical, outside the submitted work. JPF reports grants and non-financial support from Fisher & Paykel Healthcare, during the conduct of the study; grants from the French Ministry of Health outside the submitted work; travel expense coverage to attend scientific meetings, personal fees as member of a scientific board and grants from SOS oxygène outside the submitted work; grant from “la bourse du souffle” outside the submitted work. SE reports grants and non-financial support from Fisher & Paykel Healthcare, during the conduct of the study; grants, personal fees and non-financial support from Aerogen Ltd, outside the submitted work. FP reports grants from ALEXION and personal fees from GILEAD, outside the submitted work. NT reports payments of honoraria for lectures, presentations from Fisher and Paykel Healthcare, and support for attending meetings and/or travel from Gilead.Chr G reports travel expense coverage to attend scientific meetings, personal fees and logistic support from Fisher & Paykel, Resmed and Löwenstein Medical, outside the submitted work. SJ reports personal fees for lectures from Hamilton Medical and Nihon Kohden, outside the submitted work.AWT reports grants and personal fees (travel expense coverage to attend scientific meetings and payment for lectures) from Fisher & Paykel, outside the submitted work. MM, MD, GP, MaM, DC, AG, JB, JD, CV, GL, JPQ, JD, DB and SR report no conflict of interest.