Updates are available Correction dated 2025-10-24

Article History

Received: 9 January 2025

Accepted: 7 May 2025

First Online: 30 May 2025

Change Date: 24 October 2025

Change Type: Correction

Change Details: A Correction to this paper has been published:

Change Details: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13617-025-00157-0

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval was not sought for this project since it was conducted by an independent consultancy. All Subject Matter Experts gave their consent to participate in the interviews and for their names to be listed in the acknowledgements (where they were not authors).

: All authors confirm that they have read and approved the final version of the manuscript, and consent to its submission for publication in the Journal of Applied Volcanology . Furthermore, the authors affirm that this manuscript has not been previously published, and is not under consideration for publication elsewhere.

: The authors declare no competing interests.