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Article History

Received: 14 February 2023

Accepted: 7 July 2023

First Online: 18 July 2023

Declarations

:

: The study protocol was approved by the Scientific Committee of Small Animal Surgery at Cairo University before the investigation. No ethical approval was required, as this study investigated a series of client-owned clinical cases admitted to our clinic without the involvement of experimental subjects. Furthermore, immediate diagnostic and therapeutic interventions are routinely performed at the time of admission of emergency patients to our clinic. Informed consent was obtained from the owners of all enrolled dogs prior to performing the diagnostic and treatment procedures.

: The authors declare no conflict of interest and no competing financial interest related to this study.