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Article History

Received: 3 June 2025

Accepted: 3 November 2025

First Online: 3 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This survey study involved voluntary participation from language learners, with no collection of personal or identifiable information and no medical or clinical intervention. All participants were informed of the purpose of the study and provided consent prior to participation. According to institutional and national research ethics guidelines, studies involving anonymous survey data with minimal risk do not require formal ethics committee approval. Therefore, no Institutional Review Board approval was sought for this research.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.