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GBiL: A hybrid gated recurrent units (GRU) and bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) model with Particle Swarm Optimization for a Robust VANET IDS

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13638-025-02467-8

Published Online: 2025-07-13

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

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