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Article History

Received: 4 June 2025

Accepted: 6 January 2026

First Online: 22 May 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare that they have no confl icts of interest or competing interests.

: This research did not involve human participants, animal subjects, or data that require ethics approval.

: Not applicable, as this study did not involve human participants.

: The authors affirm that consent for publication is not required, as no personally identifiable data or sensitive information is included in the manuscript.