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Authors
Otroshi Shahreza, Hatef https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8199-0098
Melzi, Pietro
Osorio-Roig, Dailé
Rathgeb, Christian
Busch, Christoph
Marcel, Sébastien
Tolosana, Ruben
Vera-Rodriguez, Ruben
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (860813)
German Federal Ministry of Education and Research and the Hessian Ministry of Higher Education, Research, Science
Cátedra ENIA UAM-VERIDAS en IA Responsable (NextGenerationEU PRTR TSI-100927-2023-2)
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Article History
Received: 4 April 2024
Accepted: 15 July 2025
First Online: 2 April 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study does not involve the collection of new human subject data. All biometric data, including facial images used in this work were obtained from publicly available datasets that are widely used in the research community. These datasets were collected and distributed by their respective providers in accordance with applicable ethical guidelines. All experiments were conducted in compliance with dataset licenses and relevant data protection and privacy regulations.
