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Authors
Hung, Kuo-Chuan
Yu, Ting-Sian
Hsu, Chih-Wei
Liu, Wei-Cheng
Wu, Jheng-Yan
Liao, Shu-Wei
Lin, Chien-Ming
Chen, I.-Wen
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Article History
Received: 26 December 2024
Accepted: 17 June 2025
First Online: 1 July 2025
Declarations
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: Not applicable, as this study analyzed previously published data.
: The authors declare no conflicts of interest related to this research. None of the authors have financial relationships with pharmaceutical companies manufacturing or marketing ketamine or esketamine, or with any commercial entities that could potentially influence the findings presented in this study.
