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Authors
Ugwu, Chukwuebuka https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9171-4516
Aneke, Chidiebube https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4027-1676
Alex-Uzoatu, Chifurumnanya
Udu, Kalu
Olaolu, Michael https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7819-4675
Anyigor, Chika
Ugwu, Chinazam
Adeyemi, Oluwaseyi
Chinedu-Okoli, Tochukwu
Squire, S Bertel
Bimba, John
Wingfield, Tom https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8433-6887
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office
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Article History
Received: 9 January 2025
Accepted: 9 March 2026
First Online: 28 March 2026
Declarations
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: All methods associated with this research were carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and have been duly reviewed and approved by appropriate ethics committees. The research was assessed and approved by Bingham University Teaching Hospital Health Research Ethics Committee (NHREC/21/05/2005/00867) which is part of the National health research ethics committee in Nigeria, and the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine Research Ethics Committee (21–099). All participants provided written informed consent.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
