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Article History

Received: 14 January 2024

Accepted: 14 October 2024

First Online: 4 November 2024

Declarations

:

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: OC, GWT, EF and TK are affiliated with the Centre for Digital Health Interventions, a joint initiative of the Department of Management, Technology, and Economics at ETH Zurich and the Institute of Technology Management at the University of St. Gallen, which is funded in part by the Swiss health insurer CSS, the Swiss digital health investor MTIP, and the Austrian healthcare provider Mavie Next (UNIQA). EF is and TK was co-founder of Pathmate Technologies, a university spin-off company that creates and delivers digital clinical pathways. However, Pathmate Technologies, CSS, MTIP and Mavie Next were not involved in the design, interpretation, and analysis during the study, or in writing the paper. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.FundingThis research was conducted at the Centre for Digital Health Interventions, Department of Management, Technology, and Economics, ETH Zurich and at the Future Health Technologies programme at the Singapore-ETH Centre, which was established collaboratively between ETH Zurich and the National Research Foundation Singapore. This research is supported in part by CSS Insurance, Switzerland and in part by the National Research Foundation, Prime Minister’s Office, Singapore under its Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) program. CSS Insurance and the National Research Foundation had no role in the study design, data collection, data analysis and interpretation, writing the manuscript, or reviewing and approving the manuscript for publication.