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Authors
Abdi, Yusuf Hared https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7224-2247
Abdullahi, Yakub Burhan https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8535-198X
Abdi, Mohamed Sharif https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0220-4014
Bashir, Sharmake Gaiye https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6900-9870
Ahmed, Naima Ibrahim https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9058-4807
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Article History
Received: 2 June 2025
Accepted: 18 August 2025
First Online: 1 September 2025
Declarations
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: Ethical approval for this study was granted by the Somali National University Institutional Review Board (Ref: JUS/KCC&CT/XT/0009/2025, dated March 20, 2025), and all procedures were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and local regulations; participants provided informed consent prior to enrollment, confidentiality of responses was strictly maintained through anonymized data collection and secure storage, and respondents’ rights to refuse or withdraw at any time without penalty were fully respected.
: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. Participants were fully informed about the study’s purpose, procedures, and rights, including the right to decline or withdraw at any time, without penalty or impact on access to humanitarian services within the IDP camps. For individuals with limited literacy, verbal consent was obtained in the presence of a witness, ensuring accessibility and cultural appropriateness. The consent process adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki and local regulations, with special consideration of the vulnerability of internally displaced persons and the ethical demands of conflict-affected research environments.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
