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Authors
He, Ke-Jie
Ding, Ling
Gu, Ziqi
Wang, Haitao
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Medical Health Science and Technology Project of Zhejiang Provincial Health Commission and Quzhou Municipal Science and Technology Bureau (2025KY1779 and 2023K117)
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Article History
Received: 15 May 2025
Accepted: 5 September 2025
First Online: 16 October 2025
Declarations
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: Both the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) were conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. As this study utilized anonymized, publicly available data from these sources, no additional ethical approval or informed consent was required.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
