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Article History

Received: 17 June 2025

Accepted: 21 October 2025

First Online: 17 November 2025

Declarations

:

: The CLHLS research project has been reviewed and approved by the Biomedical Ethics Committee of Peking University (approval number: IRB00001052-13074). Before the survey, written informed consent was required to sign by participants or their proxy respondents.

: Informed consent is obtained from all participants in the manuscript.

: All authors declare no financial or non-financial conflicts of interest, including affiliations with food, nutrition, or health-related industries.

: The authors declare no competing interests.