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Authors
Ibrahim, Abdirahman Omar
Daud, Bashaar Ali
Ahmed, Waleed Salahudiin
Jama, Suhaib Muse
Habane, Nagaad Abdinasir
Ismail, Rahma Yasin
Abadir, Umulkhayr Mohamed
Sahal, Amaani Abdilahi
Hassan, Mohamed Said
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Article History
Received: 11 July 2025
Accepted: 26 October 2025
First Online: 29 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study is a secondary analysis of publicly available and de-identified data from the 2020 Somali Health and Demographic Survey (SHDS). The original survey was conducted with the approval of the relevant national institutional review boards in Somaliland. All protocols were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations, including the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all participants or their legal guardians by the data collection team at the time of the original survey. As the data were fully anonymized and are publicly accessible, no additional ethical approval was required for this analysis.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
