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Article History

Received: 30 July 2025

Accepted: 29 October 2025

First Online: 28 November 2025

Declarations

:

: This study involved secondary analysis of de-identified data from the 2020 Annual Survey of Refugees (ASR), a publicly available dataset. As such, it does not constitute human subjects research as defined by federal regulations and did not require formal ethics approval. The Virginia Commonwealth University Institutional Review Board (VCU IRB) reviewed the study protocol and determined it to be exempt, with the exemption number HM20029828. All original data collection procedures for the ASR were conducted in compliance with ethical standards, including obtaining informed consent from participants.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.