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Authors
Lu, Fengling
Zou, Wenbin
Li, Yi
Wei, Wei
Wei, Xiaolin
Zou, Guanyang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Macao Polytechnic University Research Grant (RP/FCA-07/2025)
National Social Science Foundation of China (Grant Number 20&ZD122)
Open Bidding for Selecting the Best Candidates, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
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Article History
Received: 29 July 2025
Accepted: 7 November 2025
First Online: 29 December 2025
Declarations
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: Ethical approval for all the CHARLS waves was granted from the Institutional Review Board at Peking University. The IRB approval number for the main household survey, including anthropometrics, is IRB00001052-11015; the IRB approval number for biomarker collection was IRB00001052-11014. During the fieldwork, each respondent who agreed to participate in the survey was asked to sign two copies of the informed consent. Participants gave informed consent to participate in the study before taking part. The study conforms with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
