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Article History

Received: 18 August 2025

Accepted: 20 November 2025

First Online: 1 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This article does not contain any studies with human or animal participants.There are no human participants in this article and informed consent is not required.

: N/A.

: LVd receives support from a Canada Research Chair in Healthy Food Policy from CIHR. EP reports a relationship with Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada that includes employment in 2023/2024. DH has served as an expert witness on behalf of public health authorities in response to legal challenges from tobacco, vaping, cannabis, and food companies. This work was supported by Health Canada. Funding for the International Food Policy Study Youth Survey was provided by Health Canada, with additional support from a Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) Project Grant (PJT-162167). The funders had no role in study design, data. collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors. The other authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.