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Authors
Odiase, Osamuedeme J.
Bell, April J.
El Ayadi, Alison M.
Ravikumar, Catherine
Vargas, Kattia Suarez
Crockett, KaSelah
Nijagal, Malini A.
Afulani, Patience A.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the California Preterm Birth Initiative
California Health Care Foundation
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
California Preterm Birth Initiative
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Article History
Received: 21 July 2025
Accepted: 2 December 2025
First Online: 18 December 2025
Declarations
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: We received ethics approval from the Institutional Review Board at the University of California, San Francisco (#20–32393). Verbal informed consent was obtained at PV events after being given information about the study and before survey administration.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
