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Article History

Received: 6 August 2025

Accepted: 6 December 2025

First Online: 22 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This study used secondary, de-identified data from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA), administered by the Korea Employment Information Service (KEIS). The study protocol for this secondary analysis was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Dankook University (IRB FILE No. 2024-10-024). KLoSA data are anonymized prior to release and contain no personally identifiable information. At the time of data collection, KLoSA respondents provided informed consent and were informed about the voluntary nature of participation and confidentiality protections. Data access for this study was obtained from KEIS under the standard data-use agreement. All procedures complied with relevant ethical guidelines to protect participant privacy and minimize risk.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.