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Authors
Priebe, Gunilla
Macama, Arciolanda
Van Dunem dos Reis, Francisca
Malomalo, Maria
Melin, Jeanette
Kessel, Barbora
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Gothenburg
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Article History
Received: 3 July 2025
Accepted: 12 December 2025
First Online: 23 December 2025
Declarations
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: The study was carried out in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki [ ]. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee Institutional Review Board of the Angolan Ministry of Health (24/C.E./2021), the Ethics Committee at the Universidade Católica de Angola (Approvação 153, CEIH 230) and the Swedish Ethics Review Authority (Dnr 2022-06393-01).Verbal informed consent was obtained from all participants, following the approach used in DHS [ ], which is considered appropriate in settings with high-levels of illiteracy. Participants were given the option to skip any question they preferred to not answer. Ethical principles—specifically beneficence, respect for autonomy, justice, and non-maleficence—guided all phases of the research process, including the development of data collection tools, the conduct of fieldwork, and the subsequent analysis and interpretation of data.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
