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Authors
Liu, Rui
Wang, Youhua
Li, Yue
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Social Science Fund of China (25BRK017)
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Article History
Received: 4 December 2025
Accepted: 23 February 2026
First Online: 19 March 2026
Declarations
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: The data analyzed in this study were obtained from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. The survey was approved by the Ethical Review Committee of Peking University (IRB00001052-11015), and all participants provided written informed consent. The present study is a secondary analysis of anonymized publicly available data and did not require additional ethical approval.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
