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Authors
Luo, Lan https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6391-6993
Tan, Songsong
Luo, Yunpeng https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3664-896X
Sun, Meisha https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7771-1164
Li, Yangshiqi https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3300-199X
Tian, Yunfen https://orcid.org/0009-0003-1233-0066
Deng, Guochun https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7711-262X
Yuan, Renyin https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5685-9495
Yan, Jianyong https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9788-7711
Zhao, Qian https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4268-4444
Wang, Bin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9102-6702
Zhang, Mazhong https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1957-7742
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China
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Article History
Received: 6 November 2025
Accepted: 12 March 2026
First Online: 21 March 2026
Declarations
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: This study utilized de-identified, publicly available data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). As a secondary analysis of anonymized data, this study was exempt from ethical approval requirements.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
