Document is current

Article History

Received: 4 January 2026

Accepted: 12 March 2026

First Online: 26 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This study used secondary data from the Catalan Health Survey (ESCA), an official population-based survey conducted by the Department of Health of the Government of Catalonia in accordance with national regulations on data protection and statistical confidentiality. The dataset made available for research purposes is fully anonymized and aggregated and does not contain any personally identifiable information. Consequently, formal approval from a research ethics committee was not required, as the study did not involve direct contact with human participants or the use of identifiable personal data. The use of ESCA data for scientific research is authorized by the institution responsible for data collection and dissemination.

: Not applicable. No individual person’s data are included in this manuscript.

: The authors declare no competing interests.