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Article History

Received: 17 November 2025

Accepted: 17 March 2026

First Online: 24 April 2026

Declarations

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: All aspects of the programme where data from human participants are to be collected have received ethical approval and will be conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. This includes both the collection of data within the case studies as well as additional interviews, workshops, and surveys conducted for other aspects of the project. An overview of the ethics committees assessing the presented CSs and approval numbers is presented below. All participants were informed about the purpose of the study, assured of confidentiality, and provided written consent prior to participation. Participation was voluntary, and respondents could withdraw at any time without consequence. Wherever relevant, (i.e., for CSs where the trial registration is not included in the paper abstract), we also provide links to the study pre-registration documentation. Ethical approval for Case Studies and Links to Pre-registrations CS1: Approved by Faculty of Health and Life Sciences University of Exeter Medical School Ethics Committee (#: 5626094; 07.03.2024). Analysis pre-registration uploaded on 19.10.24: .CS2: Approved by Faculty of Health and Life Sciences University of Exeter Medical School Ethics Committee (#: 3672085; 09.05.2024). Analysis pre-registration uploaded on 19.10.24: .CS3: Approved by the Scientific Ethics Committee of the Medical University of Plovdiv (Protocol #: 02/07.02.2024; Opinion #: P-442/15.02.2024). Analysis pre-registration uploaded on 09.06.24: .CS4: Approved by the Psychological Research Ethics Committee at the University of Padua (#: 458-a; 22.02.24). Trial registration uploaded on 22.07.24: .CS5: Approved by the Institutional Paracelsus Medical University Ethics Committee (#: PMU-EK-2024-0001; 07.06.2024). Trial registration uploaded on 10.06.24: .CS6: Approved by the Ethics Committee on Research involving Medicinal Products of Parc de Salut MARon (#: 2024/11524/I; 05.07.24). Trial registration uploaded on 30.09.2024: clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06622629.CS7: Approved by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (#: 2021- 06675-01; 17.01 2022; Last amendment approved #: 2025-03081-02; 07.05.2025). Trial registration uploaded on 23.04.2024: .CS8: Approved by the Committees on Health Research Ethics in the Capital Region of Denmark (#: H-23077317; 08.04.24). Trial registration uploaded on 15.05.2024: clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06205940.CS9: Approved by Behavioural, Management, and Social Sciences Ethics Committee of the University of Twente (#: 240047; 29.01.24). Pre-registration uploaded on 29.04.2024: . Ethical Approval for additional work package data collection Health theme : The semi-structured interviews with health-related experts in Europe and Canada, as well as an anonymous survey among health practitioners in Canada with support from PaRx and Dr. Melissa Lem were approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Vienna (#: EK-1296; 02.02. 2025). Economics theme : The semi-structured interviews with financial experts in Europe received a waiver by the Ethical Committee for the Research at the Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry at the University of Padua (#: 2025/06; 30.06.2024). Society theme : The establishment of the Resilience Hubs received a waiver from the Ethical Committee for the Research at the Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry at the University of Padua (#: 2024/19; 14.10.2024). Process evaluation : Ethics for the analysis of semi-structured interviews with CS 4–8 participants and interviews with intervention deliverers for these CSs were approved by the Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School Ethics Committee (#: 647719; 16.01.2025). Future scenarios: Ethics for anonymous surveys on future scenarios for participants in Padua, Salzburg, and Barcelona were approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Vienna (#: EK-1371; 30.06.2025).

: No individual will be personally identified in this research. Nevertheless, as part of the informed consent process (required for ethical approval), all participants will be told, and must accept if they proceed, that their anonymised data may be made accessible (open data) in the course of publications.

: The authors declare no competing interests.